Fm 3-22.10 pdf download

Electronic Warfare In Operations. Brevity: Multiservice Brevity Codes. Information Collection. Long-Range Surveillance Unit Operations. Civil Affairs Operations. Public Affairs Tactics, Techniques and Procedures. Maneuver Enhancement Brigade. Offense and Defense, Volume 1. Combined Arms Gap-Crossing Operations. Maneuver Enhancement Brigade Operations. Military Mountaineering - Change 1 31 January Reconnaissance And Security Operations. Airborne And Air Assault Operations. Chemical Operations Priciples and Fundamentals.

Army Transportation Operations. Army Medical Logistics. Theater Hospitalization. Preventive Medicine Services. Dental Service Support Operations.

Combat And Operational Stress Control. Army Medical Field Feeding Operations. Treatment of Nuclear and Radiological Casualties. Quartermaster Force Provider Company. Mortuary Affairs Operations. Airdrop Derigging And Recovery Procedures. Unit Field Sanitation Team.

Brigade Support Battalion. Contracting Support Brigade. Theater Sustainment Command. Composite Risk Management. Rigging Techniques, Procedures,And Applications. Military Soils Engineering. Fire-Fighting Operations. Knowledge Management Section. Signal Support To Operations. Visual Information Operations. Signal Soldier's Guide. Tactical Radio Operations. Army Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations. Army Ephemeris The Army Universal Task List. The Soldier's Guide. Publication date Usage Public Domain Mark 1.

It is a guide for commanders, leaders, and instructors to develop training programs, plans, and lessons that meet the objectives or intent of the United States Army rifle marksmanship program and FM This manual is organized to lead the trainer through the material needed to conduct training during initial entry training IET and unit sustainment training.

Preliminary subjects include discussion on the weapon's capabilities, mechanical training, and the fundamentals and principles of rifle marksmanship. Live-fire applications are scheduled after the Soldier has demonstrated preliminary skills. There are no reviews yet. The team must also camouflage their pack. Whether they are traveling with a lightweight day pack, or an extended mission pack, it should be covered similarly to a drag bag to avoid detection. Netting and jute can be applied directly to the pack.

The sniper team alters their camouflage to blend in with changes in vegetation and terrain in different geographic areas. In snowy areas, blending colors works better than using texture.

In areas with heavy snow or in wooded areas with trees covered with snow, the team should wear full white camouflage suits. In areas with snow on the ground but not on the trees, they should wear white trousers with green and brown tops. In sandy desert with little vegetation, the team should use blends of tan and brown. To remain unnoticed, they must make full use of available terrain and vegetation. In jungle areas, the team must use textured camouflage, contrasting colors, and natural vegetation.

In urban areas, the sniper team's camouflage should consist of blended colors. Shades of gray in geometric shapes usually work best. Textured camouflage matters less in urban areas. A ghillie suit does not make the sniper invisible to enemy observation; it only serves as a base in the total camouflage process.

Keep them and you, when you are wearing one away from open flames. Avoid smoking near a ghillie suit or when wearing one. NOTE: Canvas can be stitched with nylon twine or glued with rubberized cement. NOTE: The veil can be sewn into the ghillie suit or carried separately. Ghillie suit accessory kit NSN Dark Green Dye Pack, 3 oz. Long, Brown. Understanding and applying the principles of cover and concealment protects the sniper from enemy observation.

COVER Cover is protection from the fire of enemy weapons. Natural i. Snipers must always seek and use all the cover that the terrain provides. Even the smallest depression or fold in the ground might provide some cover when the sniper needs it most. Properly used, a 6-inch depression can provide enough cover to save a sniper under fire.

Snipers can also use the most difficult terrain available, because enemy patrols are less likely to move through these areas. By combining proper cover and movement techniques, the sniper can protect himself from enemy fire. For protection while moving, the sniper uses routes that put cover between himself and the enemy. Concealment is protection from enemy observation. The sniper can use natural i.

Snipers must consider the effects of seasonal changes on the materials used for natural and artificial concealment. The principles of concealment include Avoid unnecessary movement. Use all available concealment. Stay low to observe. Avoid shiny reflections. Avoid skylines. Alter familiar outlines. Observe noise and light discipline.

Avoid Unnecessary Movement The team must remain as still as possible to maintain their concealment. Any movement, especially against a stationary background, can attract attention. When the team moves to a new position, they do so carefully and only inches at a time, always scanning ahead to ensure they are moving toward their next position. They move by a planned and concealed route, preferably during limited visibility. Use All Available Concealment Available concealment includes Background.

Background Snipers must blend in with their background to prevent detection. The trees, bushes, grass, earth, and man-made structures that form the background vary in color and appearance. The team must choose natural or man-made materials to alter their appearance, enabling them to avoid detection.

Shadows In the open, the sniper team stands out clearly, but in the shadows, they are difficult to see. Shadows exist under most conditions, day and night.

Stay Low to Observe A low silhouette makes it difficult for the enemy to see a sniper team; therefore, they observe from the lowest position terrain and vegetation allow. Avoid Reflections Reflections off shiny surfaces instantly attract attention and are visible from great distances. Snipers should use optics carefully in bright sunshine and always be aware that reflections can give him away.

Avoid Skylines The clear silhouette of a figure on the skyline is a good target. It is visible from great distances, even at night, because a dark outline stands out against the lighter night sky.

Alter Familiar Outlines Military equipment and the human body are familiar outlines. The sniper team must disguise their shapes using ghillie suits or outer smocks covered with irregular patterns of garnish. Observe Noise Discipline The sniper team must keep quiet. Enemy patrols or observation posts can easily distinguish equipment and human noises, such as clanking gear or talking. Before a mission, the team must silence their gear so that it makes no sound during movement. During the mission, they operate in silence.

The sniper team must avoid using any light if at all possible. If the team must use light, they use only a red light under a cover. NOTE: The team should never use a white light. One of the most noticeable differences is in the movement techniques the sniper team uses.

Because their movement must not be detected or even suspected by the enemy, the sniper team must master individual movement techniques. When moving, the sniper team must always Assume the area is under enemy observation. Go slowly, measuring progress in inches and feet. Avoid rubbing against trees, bushes, and tall grasses, as this would cause overhead movement. Plan every movement and move in segments of the route at a time.

Stop, look, and listen often. Move during disturbances such as gunfire, explosions, aircraft noise, wind, or anything that will distract the enemy's attention or conceal the team's movement. Understand the disturbance left by movement through an area. The individual movement techniques used by the sniper team are designed to allow undetected movement.

These techniques include Low crawl. Medium crawl. High crawl. Hand-and-knees crawl. The team should use this movement technique when Concealment is extremely limited. The enemy is close. They occupy a firing position. The medium crawl resembles the infantry low crawl. The team uses this movement technique when concealment is limited, but they need to move faster than the sniper low crawl allows. The high crawl resembles the infantry high crawl. The team uses this movement technique when Concealment is limited.

Concealment is high enough to allow sniper to raise his body off the ground. To perform a high crawl Figure 1 Lay on the ground, with your head down. The team uses the hand-and-knees crawl when Some concealment is available. They need to move faster than the sniper medium crawl allows. To perform a hands-and-knees crawl Figure 1 Lay on the ground.

WALK The team walks when Concealment is good. They need to move fast. The enemy is not likely to be close by. To walk Figure 1 Crouch, with your body bent forward, knees bent, and head up. Due to their lack of personnel and firepower, the sniper team must avoid detection by the enemy. It must also avoid fighting the enemy in sustained engagements. The team can reach its area of operation AO faster and more safely when traveling with a security element than they could alone.

The security element serves as a reaction force should the team be detected. When the sniper team is attached to a security element The sniper team leader is in charge of the team while it is attached to the element. The sniper team always appears as an integral part of the element.

The sniper team wears the same uniform as the element members. The sniper team maintains proper intervals and positions in all formations. Sniper team members should stay close to each other in formation and not on opposite sides of a wedge formation.

The sniper weapon system is carried in line and close to the body or in a bag, hiding its outline and barrel length. All equipment unique to a sniper team i. Depending on the type of mission, the sniper team could be attached to a security element of team to platoon size. Once in the AO, the sniper team separates from the security element and operates alone. At the separation point, the security team can provide cover for the sniper team's operation.

Two examples of separation follow. Example 1 The security element provides security while the team prepares for the operation.

When this occurs 1 The sniper team dons the ghillie suits and camouflages itself and its equipment. Then, the team moves to its tentative position. Example 2 The security element conducts a short security halt at the separation point.

When this occurs 1 The sniper team halts and ensures that they have good available concealment and that each person knows the others' locations. Then, the team organizes itself as required by the mission and moves on to its tentative position.

NOTE: This type of separation works well in urban operations. When selecting routes, the sniper team must remember its strengths and weaknesses. The following guidelines should be used when selecting a route: Avoid known enemy positions and obstacles. Seek terrain that offers the best cover and concealment. Take advantage of difficult terrain i. Avoid trails, roads, and footpaths. Use caution when moving through urban or populated areas. Avoid areas of heavy enemy activity. To aid the sniper team in navigation, they should Memorize their route by studying maps, aerial photos, or sketches.

Note distinctive features i. Plan alternate routes. Plan how to circumvent obstacles. Use terrain countdown. The team should memorize terrain features along the route from the start point to the objective, and then count them as they pass to ensure they stay on the route. The sniper team maintains orientation at all times. As it moves, it observes the terrain carefully and mentally checks off the distinctive features noted in the planning and study of the route. Many aids are available to ensure orientation: The locations and directions of flow of principal streams.

Hills, valleys, roads, and other peculiar terrain features. Railroad tracks, power lines, and other man-made objects. The size of the sniper team and their limited firepower restrict them to one type of formation.

When moving as a member of a two-man traditional sniper team The team leader designates the movement techniques and routes used. The observer is the point man; the sniper follows. They maintain an interval of no more than 20 meters and keep visual contact with each other, even when lying on the ground.

The observer maintains security to the front, from 9 o'clock to 3 o'clock. The sniper maintains security to the rear, from 3 o'clock to 9 o'clock overlapping. The sniper reacts to the observer's actions. The team leader designates rally points. A sniper team must never become decisively engaged with the enemy.

They must rehearse immediate action drills until they react automatically and immediately to unexpected contact. SOPs should be established and rehearsed so that the team can react to different situations. These situations can include Visual contact. Indirect fire. Air attack. Visual Contact If the sniper team sees the enemy and the enemy fails to see the team, then the sniper team freezes. If they have time, they assume the best covered and concealed position and stay there until the enemy passes.

If the enemy is entrenched, the sniper team must use an alternate route to their position. NOTE: The team will not initiate contact. Ambush In an ambush, the sniper team's objective is to break contact immediately. For example 1 The observer delivers rapid fire. NOTE: If the team must remain in contact, the sniper calls for indirect fires or a security element. If team members get separated, they should return to the last designated enroute rally point.

Indirect Fire When reacting to indirect fires, the team must move out of the area as quickly as possible, which can result in the team's exact location and direction being pinpointed. Therefore, the team must not only react to indirect fire, but must also take actions to conceal their movement.

For example 1 The team leader moves the team out of the impact area using the quickest route, giving the team the direction and distance to move clock method. NOTE: If team members get separated, they should return to the last designated enroute rally point.

Air Attack When facing an air attack 1 Team members assume the best available covered and concealed positions. NOTE: The team does not engage the aircraft. Position selection is characterized by the selection of three types of positions: Objective rally point ORP. Tentative final firing position TFFP. Further, the sniper team determines four categories of positions: Primary. After the sniper team selects the location, they determine how they will move into the area to locate and occupy it.

Upon receiving a mission, the sniper team locates the target area, and then determines the best location for a TFFP. They use topographic maps, aerial photographs, pre-mission visual reconnaissance, and information from units in the area.

The sniper team ensures that the position balances Maximum fields of fire and observation of the target area. Concealment from enemy observation. Covered routes to and from the position. Location at least to meters from the target area. A natural or man-made obstacle between the position and the target area. The sniper team must use imagination and ingenuity in choosing a good location for the position.

The location must allow the team to be effective, but must also appear to the enemy to be the least likely location for a team position, such as The undersides of logs in a deadfall area. Tunnels bored from one side of a knoll to the other. Deep shadows. Areas inside rubble piles. A sniper team must remember that a position that seems ideally located may have the same appeal to the enemy.

Therefore, the team avoids choosing locations at, on, or near A point or crest of prominent terrain features. Isolated objects. Bends or ends of roads, trails, or streams. Populated areas. Whether a sniper team remains in position for a few minutes or a few days, the basic considerations for locating the position are the same: Location. Personnel and equipment. Location When selecting a location, consider Type of terrain and soil.

Enemy location and capabilities. Type of Terrain and Soil Digging and boring tunnels can be tough, whether in hard soil or in fine, loose sand. The team adapts any gullies, holes, or hollow tree stumps that they can find. Enemy Location and Capabilities Enemy patrols in the area may be close enough to the position to hear any noises that the team might make during construction.

The team also considers the enemy's night vision and detection capabilities. Time When selecting a position, time considerations include Length of occupation. Construction time. Length of Occupation If the sniper team's mission requires it to remain in one position for a long time, the team builds a more livable position. This allows the team to operate more effectively for a longer time.

Construction Time During mission planning, the sniper team must consider how long construction will take. Personnel and Equipment When selecting a position, personnel and equipment considerations include Personnel needed for construction.

Equipment needed for construction. Personnel Needed for Construction If needed, the team coordinates for more construction personnel or for a construction security element. Equipment Needed for Construction The team plans for the use of any extra equipment needed for construction e.

During the mission-planning phase, the sniper also selects an objective rally point ORP. From the ORP, the sniper team reconnoiters the tentative position to determine the exact location of its final position. The ORP should provide cover and concealment from enemy fire and observation, and offer good routes into and out of the selected area.

From the ORP, the team moves forward to view the tentative position area Figure While reconnoitering or moving to the position, the team Moves slowly and deliberately in the low crawl. Avoids unnecessary movement of trees, bushes, and grass. Avoids making noise of any kind. Stays in the shadows, if any. Stops, looks, and listens every few feet.

When the sniper team arrives at the firing position, they Conduct a detailed search of the target area. Start constructing the firing position.

Organize equipment for easy access. A sniper mission always requires the team to occupy some type of position. These positions can range from a hasty position, which a team may use for a few hours, to a more permanent position, which the team might use for a few days. NOTE: The team should always plan to build their position during limited visibility. TYPES The team can use hasty positions, expedient positions, or belly or semipermanent hide positions.

Hasty Position The team uses a hasty position when they are in a position for a short time, when they cannot construct a position due to the location of the enemy, or when they must assume a position on the fly.

Advantages This type of position Requires no construction. The team uses whatever is available for cover and concealment. Can be occupied in a short time. As soon as they find a suitable position, the team need only prepare loopholes by moving small amounts of vegetation or by simply backing a few feet away from existing vegetation to conceal muzzle blast. Types of Programs. Chapter 5. Planning Considerations.

Chapter 6. Special Conditioning Programs. Chapter 7. Execution of Training. Chapter 8. Preparation and Recovery. Chapter 9. Strength and Mobility Activities. Chapter