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Murphy Optical Birefringence. Appendix A Meta-materials What is a meta-material? The atomic structure of the elements the materials are composed of determines what properties the product will have. This is similar to chemistry where a lone electron in the outer shell of an atom of an element determines what it will react with and how well. Therefore, it is not the atomic particles of one material involved that determine the overall properties but it is the sum of the parts, not the parts themselves, that determines how the material behaves[5].

Researchers found that by using certain materials, such as gold and copper arranged in particular patterns and shapes, they can combine the properties of those materials. These are often found in electrical circuits due to their highly conductive properties [5]. An example of a chemical change rather than a positional or structural change, are the properties of sulphur and iron after they are chemically combined.

As a mixture, the iron can be extracted by using a magnet leaving the sulphur behind. When the mixture is heated with a bunsen burner, a chemical reaction occurs forming iron II sulphide resulting in a chemical change to the overall structure and the product is no longer magnetic[7]. So, unlike natural materials, the behaviour of meta-materials depends upon the properties of the materials that they are made of and the distinct way they are put together, not the chemical sub-atomic structure.

What are meta-materials used for? Super lenses 2. Antenna systems 3. Optical sensors 4. Solar Cells 5. Highly sensitive detectors 6. This shows that like naturally occurring materials, meta- materials can be sub-divided into groups. In the case of invisibility we will be focusing mainly on photonic meta-materials. Types of Meta-materials Used for the Relevant Cloaking Purposes: - Photonic meta-materials, The term photonic derives from the involvement of photons, an elementary particle, which is the quantum of all forms of electromagnetic radiation.

The part of the electromagnetic spectrum affected by these is the visible, infrared IR and Terahertz THz frequencies. These collectively can also be called optical frequencies. However, they only affect the terahertz frequencies. The three main sub-forms affected are sonic, infrasonic and ultrasonic waves and can occur in all the basic states of gas, liquids and solids. Sonic waves in particular can be extended to the negative refraction domain.

This topic will be developed later in this paper and involves the cloaking of a small section of time! The materials usually involved are a metals and dielectrics. An example of such a composite is shown below: 40 These are split ring resonators.

As a member of the Royal Air Force RAF he knew exactly what I was looking for in relation to a military point of view into the subject matter of invisibility. It has saved the lives of many thousands of soldiers by disguising them with the surrounding scenery. However, this too has its limitations. This obviously has variations depending on what the surrounding area is like. Historic events- There are countless historic events where invisibility could have been of use.

When this failed the Germans started the night blitzes of London and then other cities. This also failed so the germans shifted their focus, again, on the coastal defences. By now it was October. The Germans then gave up as they failed to overwhelm the British and force a surrender. The Germans lost planes, whilst the British only lost Now one can imagine what might have happened if the Germans had cloaking technology to counter the radar systems.

This is one of those things that puts a negative on the technology being used in a military situation 42 On the other hand, the Falklands War in could have used the technology to save lives.

In particular the Battle for Goose Green, 2 Para was outnumbered 8 to 1. They may have still won, but the loss of life and injuries could have been limited if they were not detected. Argentina United Kingdom StrengthStrength army Air Force 10 coast guard personnel Casualties and lossesCasualties and losses 47 killed wounded captured 17 killed 64 wounded This was only a short meeting, but from this there is an immediate sense of controversy.

At the moment there is a lingering negative side to the use of invisibility in a military sense as it can cause a huge loss of life. However, to counter this there is also the advantage of saving lives by preventing people being detected by an enemy. My interview with Mr Savage has helped a great deal with this side of the argument.

He is the SSI. We talked about The Falklands war and how, if invisibility had been available in , the Task force could have been moved the miles to the south atlantic without being detected.

The battle for Goose Green, when 2 Para found themselves outnumbered 8 to 1, would still have been won but without such great loss of life for the Paras. Going further back to , one of the main reasons that the Battle of Britain was won, apart from the extreme heroism of the few, was our use of RADAR, which enabled us to scramble our squadrons as soon as we knew that the enemy was airborne.

Now imagine how much more effective we would have been had our aircraft been invisible. He then also did some background research for me. So as you can see the concept of invisibility is being used in modern warfare. He is a professor of optical engineering. Below is a brief list of questions that I asked Martin McCall via Skype and the sort of answers he replied with. Question Answer What military applications could there be? Conceal communications, protect data, censorship, data protection What commercial applications could there be?

Protecting online information, such as bank details and social media, data protection Could the technology have any affect on censorship in areas across the world? As much as any online data could be affected. The technology would allow data transfer and communications to occur without censors knowing at all. On the other hand it could also be used by the censors to censor data without being seen to do so Teleportation idea- can people still move across the system whilst it is in use without being effected by or affecting the end result?

To an observer farther down the road, the stream of passing cars would display no evidence of having slowed down.

Therefore, the chicken must be quick and move forwards and laterally to compensate. This has helped me understand this method more thoroughly. The purpose of this is to help show what is being explained more simply at the beginning of the Electromagnetic section. I will not go into too much detail as it quite complicated, but should be understandable to those who do maths.

Also, I have taken it from Wikibooks as it is still correct. Appendix E Future Uses and Developments As I have gone through my research it keeps occurring to me that a lot of the technology has being initially designed for military purposes.

This is nothing new as this is the case for many high tech things, such as SONAR which was discussed in the introduction. B2 Stealth Bomber successor- The B2 stealth bomber is renowned for its stealth ability during both surveillance and assault missions. The successor is very much similar to its predecessor. However, more involved materials and attention to aerodynamics have been employed. This usually consisted of using iron laced paint.

The problem with this is it made the plane heavier than it needed to be therefore reducing fuel efficiency. Also due to the high speed and altitude this material Shape: The angled shape of the wings not only help with fluid dynamics, they also cause radar signals to deflect away from the detector at the source of the signals Carbon Nano-tubes and cenospheres: The paint of the old bomber used to contain suspended iron particles in the paint.

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